The Republic of Srpska, which is an integral part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was affected by intense precipitation during May 2014 and May 2015. The northern part of the Republic of Srpska is located between the plain area of the Sava River and the mountain massif of the inner Dinarides, while the eastern and western parts are confined to the rivers Drina and Una. Increased precipitation, which in 2014 was three times higher than the average, activated large number of landslides, and most of them threatened the facilities of various purposes. One year later, in the same month, this area was again hit by intense precipitation, less than in the previous year, but more significant by the size of activated landslides.
The most significant landslides were formed along the roads, and the degree of damage is different, depending on the method of construction and maintenance during exploitation.The slopes on which roads are built are in general conditionally stable, and for years have kept their stability in natural conditions. By engineering interventions during the construction of the roads, the natural state of balance was disturbed, which was manifested with delay, since the slopes were not well repaired. The open terrain profiles on the slopes created favorable conditions for water to flow into the quasi homogeneous and heterogeneous clay sediments, where their stability was disturbed.
The roads that were built of good quality as well as slope reparations during construction did not have significant damage during intense precipitation, although some of them were built several decades earlier. During the inventory of landslides on the roads, the effects of elemental and anthropogenic processes were analyzed, where 23 of the characteristic landslides were selected. The periods of construction before and after 1990 were separated, that is, the periods of earlier quality construction of facilities from today's modern one.
Varnes DJ. Slope movement types and processes. 1978.
2.
Cruden DM. A simple definition of landslides. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering geology. 1991;43:27–9.
3.
Soeters R, Westen CJ. Slope instability recognition, analysis and zonation. 1996 p. 129–77.
4.
Cruden DM, Varnes DJ. Landslides Types and Processes. 1996 p. 36–75.
5.
Schuster RL, Wieczorek GF. Landslide triggers and tipes. In: Landslides: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Landslides. 2002. p. 59–78.
6.
Zhang ZY, Chen SM, Tao LJ. The sale mountain landslide, Gansu Province, China. Catastrophic landslides, Geological Society of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology XV. 2002;149–73.
7.
Highland LM, Bobrowsky P. The landslide handbook – A guide to understanding landslides: Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey Circular. 2008;1325:129.
8.
Roje-Bonacci T, Miščević P, Števanić D. Rockslides on road cuttings in the Dinaric karst of Croatia: Berlin. Processes and factors Environmental geology. 2009;58(2):359–69.
9.
Đurić N. Landslides as a Consequences of May Floods in 2014. did it have to be like that ??? Scientific conference with international participation “Landslides in the Republic of Srpska as a Consequeence several–days rainfall in May 2014.” In: Academy od Sciences and Arts of the Republic of Srpska Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Scientific Conferences, Book XXXVII, Department of Natural–mathematical and Technical Sciences, Book 28. 2015. p. 15–37.
10.
Đurić N. Modern construction of objects and contemporary landslides. In: 4th International Conference “Contemporary achievements in Civil engineering”, Subotica, Serbia. 2016. p. 469–78.
11.
Eden WJ, Mitchell RJ. The mechanics of landslides in Leda Clay. Canadian Geotech Journal. 1970;7:285–96.
12.
Saunders I, Young A. Rates of surface processes on slopes, slope retreat and denudation. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1983;8:473–501.
13.
Brunsden D. Landslide types, mechanisms, recognition, identification. In: Landslides in the South Wales Coalfield, Proceedings Symposium The Polytechnic of Wales. 1985. p. 19–28.
14.
Fukuzano T. A new method fot predicting the failure time of a slope. In: Proceedings of 4thInternacional Conference and Field Workshop on Landslide Tokio. 1985. p. 145–50.
15.
Anbalagan R. Landslide hazard evaluation and zonation mapping in mountainous terrain. Engineering geology, Elsevier, Science. 1992;32:269–77.
16.
Carrara A, Cardinali M, Guzzetti F. Uncertainty in assessing landslide hazard risk. ITC Journal. 1992;2:172-183,.
17.
Sassa K. Introduction. In: Landslides of the world. 1999. p. 3–18.
18.
Sassa K. Mechanism of flows in granular soils. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 2000. p. 1671–702.
19.
Koleini M. Engineering geological assessment and rock mass characterization of the asmari formation (Zagros range) as Larege dam foundation rocks in southwestern Iran. 2012.
20.
Đurić N. Landslides as modern exogenous processes related to uncontrolled and anthropogenic processes. Journal of Faculty of Mining, Geology and Civil Engineering, Tuzla, Bosnia and HerzegovinaVol. 2015;1–18.
21.
Zaruba Q, Mencl V. Landslides and their control. 1969.
22.
Hutchinson JN. Landslide hazard assessment. In: Proc 6th International Symposium on Landslides. 1992. p. 1805–42.
23.
Evans S, G. H, O. The assessment of rockfall hazards at the base of talus slopes. Canadian Geotech Journal. 1993;30:620–36.
24.
Carrara A. Uncertainty in evaluating landslide hazard and risk. In: Prediction and Perception of Natural Hazards. 1993. p. 101–9.
25.
Lacasse S, Nadim F. Landslide Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategy (3. In: Landslides Disaster Risk Reduction. 2009. p. 31–60.
26.
Cevik E, Topal T. GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for a problematic segment of the natural gas pipeline. 2003.
Yalcin A. GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen (Turkey): Comparisons of results and confirmations. Catena. 2008;72:1-12,.
29.
Yilmaz I. A case study from Koyulhisar (Sivas-Turkey) for landslide susceptibility mapping by artificial neural networks. Bull Eng Geol Environ. 2009;68(3):297–306.
30.
Wang B, Paudel B, Li H. Retrogression characteristics of landslides in fine-grained permafrost soils. 2009.
31.
Mihalić S, Hideaki M, Osamu N. Landslide inventory in the area of the City of Zagreb: Evaluation of effectiveness of using topographic derivative maps. 2011. p. 124–5.
32.
Djuric N, Bešević M, Djuric D, Prokić A, Kukaras D. Causes and Consequences of Certain Landslides in Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In: Prag World Multidisciplinary Earth SciencesSymposium, WMESS 2015 Procesia Earth and Planetary Science 15. 2015. p. 159–64.
33.
Đurić N. Hidrogeološka i inženjerskogeološka istraživanja. Građevinski fakultet Subotica, Tehnički institut Bijeljina. 2011.
34.
Rokić LJ. Fizička geologija Ljubomir Rokić. 2011.
35.
Sijerčić I. Inženjerska geodinamika. In: IN SCAN d.o.o Tuzla. 2012.
36.
Janjić M. Inženjerska geodinamika. 1979.
37.
Šestanović S. Osnove geologije i petrografije, Građevinskifakultet Sveučilišta u Splitu. 2001.
38.
Goodman RE, Bray JW. Toppling of rock slopes. In: Procs, ASCE specialty conference on rock engineering for foundation and Slopes. 1976.
39.
Hungr O, Evans SG, Bovis M, Hutchinson JN. Review of the classification o landslides of the flow type. Environmental Engineering Geoscience. 2001;7:221–38.
40.
Miller S, Harris N, Williams L, Bhalai S. Landslide susceptibility assessment for St. Thomas, Jamaica using Geographical information system and remote sensing methods. Geological society, London, Special publications. 2007;283:77–91.
41.
Hutchinson JN. A landslide on a thin layer of quick clay at Furre, Central Norway. Géotechnique. 1961;11:69–94.
42.
Colhoun EA, Commom R, Cruikshank MM. Recent bog flows and debris slides in the North of Ireland. Proceedings, Scientific Meetings of the Royal Dublin Society. 1965;A2(10):163–74.
43.
Pierson TC. Erosion and deposition by debris flows at Mt. Vol. 5. 1980.
44.
Real-time landslide warning during heavy rainfall. Science. 1987;238:921–5.
45.
Hutchinson JN. General report: morphological and geotechnical parameters of landslides in relation to geology and hydrogeology. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Landslides. 1988. p. 3–35.
46.
Forlati F, Lancellotta R, Scavia C, Simeoni L. Swelling processes in sliding marly layers in the Langhe region, Italy. In: The geotechnics of hard soils-soft rocks Balkema, Rotterdam. 1998. p. 1089–99.
47.
Graziani A, Rotonda T, Tommasi P. Stability and deformation mode of a rock slide along interbeds reactivated by rainfall. In: Proc of the 1st Italian Workshop on Landslides. 2009. p. 62–71.
48.
Guzzetti F, Ardizzone F, Cardinali M, Galli M, Reichenbach P, Rossi M. Distribution of landslides in the Upper Tiber River basin, central Italy. Geomorphology. 2008;96:105-122,.
49.
Jibson RW. Landslide hazards at La Conchita, California. US Geological Survey Open-File Report. 2005;1067.
50.
Canuti P, Casagli N, Garzonio CA, Vannocci P. Lateral spreads and landslide hazards in the Northern Apennine: the example of the Mt. 1990.
51.
Coates DR. Landslide perspectives. landslides, Reviews in Engineering Geology III, Geological Society of America. 1977;3:28–35.
52.
Najdanović N. Mehanika tla u Inženjerskoj praksi. 1979.
53.
Zaruba Q, Mencel V, Nonveiller E. Engineering Geology. Academia, Prague. 1982.
54.
Bowles JE. Foundation Analysis and Desing. 1996.
55.
Mitrović P. Primjena plastičnih materijala pri sanaciji i melioracijama terena, Istraživanje i sanacija klizišta. 2001.
56.
Maksimović M. Mehanika tla. Treće izdanje. 2005.
57.
Đurić N. Some examples of research and rehabilitation characteristic landslide in the Republic of Srpska. Arhive for Technical Sciences. 2010;N0 3:52–64.
Citation
Copyright
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
