Nanomaterials have distinct physicochemical characteristics of high surface area, controllable surface chemistry, and size-dependent reactivity, which can be used to fine-tune industrial chemical reactions to maximize efficiency and sustainability. The paper examines the incorporation of the following nanomaterials, namely carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles, into three common chemical engineering systems: hydrocracking catalysis, dye-contaminated wastewater filtration, and electrochemical energy storage. Scalable routes were used to synthesize nanomaterials, which were characterized by common methods, followed by implementation in fixed-bed catalytic reactors, nanocomposite membranes, and supercapacitor electrodes, with all experiments done three times and then analyzed through one-way ANOVA at a level of α = 0.05. The nanomaterial-enhanced systems exhibited statistically significant improvements in catalytic conversion and selectivity, dye rejection and flux stability, and specific capacitance and cycling stability compared to conventional counterparts (p < 0.05). These performance improvements could be translated into possible energy savings, waste production, and greenhouse gas emissions, and, therefore, nanomaterials could be very instrumental in transforming the contemporary industrial processes to be resource-efficient and environmentally innocent. On the whole, the results highlight the radical promise of nanomaterials as essential facilitators of less-harmful, more efficient chemical engineering processes of various industries.
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