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Lecturer, Department of Geography, College of Education, University of Kufa , Najaf , Iraq
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Professor, Department of Geography, College of Education, University of Kufa , Najaf , Iraq
Professor, College of Medicine, University of Kufa , Najaf , Iraq
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a major neurodevelopmental disorder with a growing global incidence, and needs to be better understood in terms of its spatial patterns and risk factors to inform health policy. This study conducted a spatial-statistical analysis to detect spatial patterns and factors of ASD in children under 15 years in Iraq's Babylon Governorate. A descriptive-analytical approach was used, combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical techniques, including Z-score normalization, Pearson's correlation and regression. The results reveal a high spatial variation in ASD incidence (7.45-45.78 per 10,000 children) and a higher incidence in urban administrative units. Genetics (34.5%) and heredity (31.5%) were the two most important factors; followed by environmental (13.9%), neurological (10.4%) and psychological (9.7%) factors. But there were no significant correlations between ASD incidence and other factors (r from -0.059 to 0.058), suggesting that ASD likely results from a combination of factors, rather than by any one factor. This study shows the usefulness of integration of spatial epidemiology and statistical methods to identify spatial inequalities and hotspots. This study provides valuable insights for policy makers, by showing the need for enhanced diagnostic services, health care services and targeted interventions in the under-serviced areas. Moreover, the paper highlights the necessity of implementing integrated spatial-health strategies in order to comprehend the regional differences in developmental disorders better and evidence-based decision-making to improve the strategies of healthcare planning and early intervention.
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